Monetary Policy and Financial Markets at the Effective Lower Bound
讨论了政策利率有效下限的决定因素，认为该下限是软的且可能略为负值，并指出在有效下限时可通过延长低利率承诺、金融稳定政策降低利差以及财政政策提高中性实际利率和潜在产出来增加当前产出。
I discuss what determines the effective lower bound (ELB) for the policy rate and argue that the ELB is not hard, but rather soft, and that it is probably slightly negative. I argue that, at the ELB, current output can be increased by (i) monetary policy that extends the period of credibly low policy rates and generates inflation expectations, (ii) financial‐stability policy—which is distinct from monetary policy—that reduces the spreads between market interest rates and the policy rate, and (iii) fiscal policy that increases the neutral real rate by reducing expected growth of government expenditure and increases potential output by increasing current government expenditure.