Structural Change in West Germany's Brewing Industry: Some Efficiency Considerations
研究了西德啤酒行业为何在规模经济趋势下结构变化缓慢，比较了实际与最优工厂结构，分析了规模效率与品牌选择之间的权衡。
THE brewing industry in many countries, traditionally characterized by local breweries, has undergone significant structural changes in most industrialized nations. This is apparently due to recent increases in economies of scale in production and advertising. The result is increasing concentration and average firm size, coupled with a reduction in the number of brands offered.1 So far, these trends seem to have been less noticeable in West Germany, a fact which raises a number of issues: why has the trend to large plant size been so much slower? Do the recent estimates of larger economies of scale by Cockerill [4] and Scherer et al. [I8] not apply to the traditional West German brewing industry? If their estimates are correct, however, will this trend eventually lead to a similar structure as we observe it elsewhere? If increasing concentration results in a reduction of the number of brands offered, as has been observed by the recent experience in the UK, then scale efficiency may be off-set by a diminishing product and brand choice. What are the dimensions of this trade-off, and what implications do they entail for policy makers? In the first part of this paper, the growing trend to increasing plant size and concentration, which we observe in many beer-consuming countries, and its underlying basis will be examined in more detail. These developments will then be compared against the evidence from West Germany. In addition to explaining why a divergence between the actual plant structure in West Germany and some of the other countries exists, we will, as a basis of comparison, relate the current plant structure with an idealized optimal structure, to determine the extent of structural inefficiency which is still prevailing today, and also to analyse the trade-offs (if any) that exist between size and product choice.