Wage Discrimination and Occupational Crowding in a Competitive Industry: Evidence from the American Whaling Industry
研究19世纪美国捕鲸业中的工资歧视和职业拥挤现象，发现几乎没有工资歧视，但黑人和葡萄牙水手存在部分职业拥挤，且少数群体主导的职业并非低薪，而多数群体为与同族工作接受负补偿性工资差异。
We test for wage discrimination and occupational crowding in the nineteenthcentury American whaling industry. Although our results indicate little evidence of wage discrimination, we cannot reject the hypothesis that certain groups—specifically blacks and Portuguese–experienced some occupational crowding, though it was by no means complete and the minority-dominated occupations were not low-paying ones. In addition, we find that members of the majority group—white American and Northern European seamen—did accept a negative compensating wage differential for working with members of their own group.