Under Pressure: Job Security, Resource Allocation, and Productivity in Schools under No Child Left Behind
研究了美国《不让一个孩子掉队》法案的问责压力如何影响教师工作保障感知、教学时间分配及学生成绩，发现该法案降低了教师工作安全感，将时间转向高风险科目，但对学生成绩有积极或中性影响。
We conduct the first nationwide study of incentives under the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act, which requires states to punish schools failing to meet target passing rates on students' standardized exams. States' idiosyncratic policies created variation in the risk of failure among very similar schools in different states, which we use to identify effects of accountability pressure. We find NCLB lowers teachers' perceptions of job security, shifts time towards specialist teachers in high-stakes subjects and away from whole-class instruction, and has positive or neutral effects on students' enjoyment of learning and achievement in reading, math, and science.