Do Tips Increase Workers' Income?
构建了一个服务提供商同时在服务和劳动力市场竞争的模型，分析小费对小时工资和总小时报酬的影响，发现小费率提高会降低小时工资，而总报酬变化取决于市场结构等因素。
This paper constructs a model of service providers who compete in service and labor markets simultaneously to analyze the effects of tipping on hourly wages and total tip-inclusive hourly worker compensation. An increase in the tipping rate reduces hourly wages. Total worker compensation increases at different rates depending on the market structure, market coverage, and employment level, with the exception of price-taking (competitive) service providers, where the tip-inclusive hourly income declines with the tipping rate. The paper develops an index of “effective tipping” that measures the net percentage change in total hourly worker compensation associated with each tipping rate. This paper was accepted by John List, behavioral economics.