Various Concepts of Hysteresis Applied in Economics
区分了微观和宏观经济学中的不同滞后类型，微观上沉没调整成本产生真正的滞后，宏观上异质微观单元的聚合改变滞后环形状，并指出单位根过程常被误称为滞后。
Different types of hysteresis are applied in order to describe persistence phenomena in micro– and macroeconomics. On the microeconomic level sunk adjustment costs generate ‘genuine’ hysteresis where temporary exogenous shocks lead to switches between different ‘branches’ of an entire input–output–relation (i.e. ‘multibranch non–linearity’). The shape of the hysteresis loop changes when an adequate aggregation towards a macroeconomic relation is conducted over heterogeneous micro elements. Hysteresis–relations are based on a local structural instability in the case of a branch–to–branch–transition. However, the persistence characteristics of first order difference (differential) equations with unit (zero) roots — which are based on a global indifference–instability — are in economics commonly labelled as ‘hysteresis’ as well.