PLANNING IN AMBIGUOUS CONTEXTS: THE DILEMMA OF MEETING NEEDS FOR COMMITMENT AND DEMANDS FOR LEGITIMACY
探讨模糊情境（如非营利和创业组织）中规划面临的困境：既要通过非正式和模糊性获取多方承诺，又要通过正式化管理获取资源供给方的合法性，并提出将规划视为资源获取而非分配的新框架。
This paper argues that ambiguity of context manifested in pressures for legitimacy and commitment affect planning processes. Ambiguity arises from multiple conflicting constituencies and the lack of direct control over resources. Using nonprofit and entrepreneurial organizations as examples of organizations facing ambiguous contexts, we examine their planning practices to develop an understanding of the relationship between commitment, legitimacy, and planning. From this analysis, we articulate a managerial dilemma: the need to use informality and vagueness to gain commitment from diverse interests, and the need to demonstrate formalization of managerial practices to acquire legitimacy from critical resource suppliers. Using elements of this dilemma, we present a new planning framework for organizations in ambiguous contexts that recognizes planning as a strategy for resource acquisition rather than a strategy for resource allocation.