How Does Managed Care Do It?
利用马萨诸塞州心脏病治疗数据，比较健康维护组织（HMO）与传统保险计划的支出差异，发现HMO支出低30%-40%，主要源于更低的单位价格，而非服务量或健康结果的显著差异。
Integrating the health services and insurance industries, as health maintenance organizations (HMOs) do, could lower expenditure by reducing either the quantity of services or unit price or both. We compare the treatment of heart disease in HMOs and traditional insurance plans using two datasets from Massachusetts. The nature of these health problems should minimize selection. HMOs have 30% to 40% lower expenditures than traditional plans. Both actual treatments and health outcomes differ little; virtually all the difference in spending comes from lower unit prices. Managed care may yield substantial increases in measured productivity relative to traditional insurance.