The Macroeconomics of Specificity
分析经济关系中专用准租金面临的机会主义问题，指出租金侵占导致资源利用不足、要素市场分割、技术僵化、就业失衡、衰退加剧和扩张瓶颈，并探讨制度与技术选择如何缓解这一问题。
Specific quasi rents arise in a variety of economic relationships and are exposed to opportunism unless fully protected by contract. Rent appropriation has important macroeconomic consequences. Resources are underutilized, factor markets are segmented, production suffers from technological "sclerosis," job creation and destruction are unbalanced, recessions are excessively sharp, and expansions run into bottlenecks. While, depending on the shock, expansions may require reinforcement or stabilization, recessions should typically be softened. In the long run, institutions may evolve to alleviate the problem by balancing appropriation. Technology choice will also be affected, with the appropriated factor partially "excluding" the other from production to reduce appropriation.