An Organisational Discussion of Incomplete Contracting and Transaction Costs in Conservation Contracts
从组织经济学视角，讨论不完全契约和交易成本如何影响农业保护服务的提供，并指出自下而上的方法（如安大略环境农场规划项目）能更好地处理这些问题。
Abstract Conservation in the agricultural sector is difficult to achieve. A primary complicating factor in achieving conservation is the large number of public good environmental services provided by large numbers of individuals acting under diverse economic and ecological conditions. The complexity of the problem implies that additional consideration must be given to transaction cost economics and the theory of incomplete contracting. Drawing on insights from organisational economics, this paper argues that conservation policy and research could be improved with explicit consideration of the effects of ‘holdup problems’, transaction costs and trust on the provision of conservation services. ‘Bottom‐up’ approaches are promising as they directly incorporate these organisational issues, and the paper concludes with an example of a ‘bottom‐up’ conservation programme, the Ontario Environmental Farm Planning programme.