Productivity and Environmental Performance in Marketing Cooperatives: An Analysis of the Spanish Horticultural Sector
研究了西班牙园艺营销合作社在1994-2002年间考虑环境投入产出的全要素生产率，发现效率提升且与劳动力质量、资本密集度和环境溢出等管理因素相关。
Abstract The paper analyses the productivity of marketing cooperatives incorporating environmental inputs/outputs. In the European agriculture, expectations for attaining sustainable and competitive agriculture rely to a great extent on the cooperative sector's ability to adapt to new market conditions. These challenges have led marketing cooperatives in the fruit and vegetables sector to consider improvements in productivity and sound environmental performance. The study analyses the total factor productivity related to environmental variables in this sector using a parametric‐stochastic approach and panel data on Spanish cooperatives over the period 1994–2002. Additionally, the determinants of environmental productivity are examined econometrically. The estimates obtained show an increase in efficiency for the period under study and a relationship between productivity changes and management factors, such as labour quality, capital intensity and environmental spillover.