Economic Prescriptions for Environmental Problems: How the Patient Followed the Doctor's Orders
回顾了可交易许可证和排污收费这两种经济工具从学术概念到实际应用的过程，分析了欧美案例中实际使用与经济学家设想的差异。
In this paper, I consider two tools which have received widespread support from the economics community: marketable permits and emission charges. Until the 1960s, these tools only existed on blackboards and in academic journals, as products of the fertile imaginations of academics. However, some countries have recently begun to explore using these tools as part of a broader strategy for managing environmental problems. This paper chronicles the experience with both marketable permits and emissions charges. It also provides a selective analysis of a variety of applications in Europe and the United States and shows how the actual use of these tools tends to depart from the role which economists have conceived for them.