Technological Incompatibility, Endogenous Switching Costs and Lock‐in
研究了系统产品中，供应商通过技术不兼容制造内生转换成本，从而影响售后市场竞争；发现当耐用商品同质且兼容成本低时，内生转换成本反而加剧跨期价格竞争，使厂商更倾向于兼容技术。
Systems are goods comprising of durables that are sequentially updated with complements. With sequential purchases, if suppliers produce incompatible brands, consumers who upgrade systems with complements of a different brand must replace the durables they own. Thus, the price of these durables is an endogenous switching cost. The paper deals with the concern that firms may use incompatibility to create consumer’s switching costs to reduce competition in aftermarkets. However, it shows that, with homogenous durables, and small costs of reaching compatibility, endogenous switching costs increase intertemporal price competition to the extent that producers prefer to have compatible technologies.