Thomas Chalmers: The Market, Moral Conduct, and Social Order
结合亚当·斯密的第三方视角与福音派的人生试炼观，查默斯主张以市场为基础的社会秩序，其可行性取决于市场选择所塑造的道德品格，并批评济贫法等行政干预会挤占内在动机、引发异议，主张通过工资改革废除补贴来促进工人独立与勤劳工作。
Combining elements of Adam Smith's third-party perspective with the evangelical view of life as a trial, Thomas Chalmers argued for a market-based social order. The viability of this order would depend on the capacity to develop character in response to the choices made possible by the market itself. Character could replace administrative interventions. Chalmers saw well-intentioned administration, especially with respect to the poor laws, as both crowding out inner motivations and creating a focus for the fermenting of dissent over the terms of “legal charity.” Better, he thought, that there should be a reform in the composition of wages, abolishing all allowances, to foster the independence of workers and also then willing and productive work. The latter could be the basis of improving material and moral conditions.