Altruism or moral hazard: The impact of hospital uncompensated care pools
基于新泽西州1987-1992年医院无偿护理信托基金的数据，发现该基金降低了慈善护理的影子价格，促使医院增加无偿护理供给，同时州政府通过审计和监管有效应对了道德风险问题。
Empirical evidence from New Jersey supports theories of hospitals altruism. From 1987 to 1992, New Jersey reimbursed hospitals for uncompensated care through the Uncompensated Care Trust Fund. The Trust Fund reduced the shadow price of charity care, inducing hospitals to increase their provision of uncompensated care. Hospitals increased inpatient uncompensated care by an average of 14.8% and statewide uncompensated care increased by $360 million during 1987-1990. Empirical evidence suggests that the state effectively addressed the moral hazard problem created by the Trust Fund by auditing uncompensated care and regulating hospital collection procedures.