The Effect of Education on Criminal Convictions and Incarceration: Causal Evidence from Micro-data
利用瑞典义务教育改革作为工具变量，研究发现多上一年学能使男性定罪概率降低6.7%、监禁概率降低15.5%，但对女性无显著因果效应。
This article studies the causal effect of educational attainment on conviction and incarceration using Sweden's compulsory schooling reform as an instrument for years of schooling and a 70% sample from Sweden's Multigenerational Register matched with more than 30 years of administrative crime records. We find a significant negative effect of schooling on male convictions and incarceration; one additional year of schooling decreases the likelihood of conviction by 6.7% and incarceration by 15.5%. Though OLS estimates for females are of a similar magnitude to those for males, we find no evidence of a significant causal effect for women.