Enabling Customization Using Standardized Operations
提出四种标准化技术（产品、零件、采购和流程），帮助企业减轻产品多样性对运营的负面影响，并提供了一个选择框架。
This article presents four standardization techniques—product, part, procurement, and process—that help mitigate the negative impacts of product variety on a firm9s operations. The ability of a firm to use these standardization approaches depends on the degree to which it can modularize its products and processes, on what it is trying to achieve for its customers, and on the costs associated with standardization. The article presents a framework for thinking about these options and choosing among them.