Efficiency loss due to distortions in Dutch milk quota trade
通过模拟1992/93年荷兰牛奶配额交易，分析了不同贸易限制下的福利成本，发现配额供给下限和需求上限组合导致效率损失2.29%，而买卖价差影响较小。
This study analyses the welfare costs of trade distortions in the exchange of milk quota by simulating potential quota trade for 1992/93 subject to various trade restrictions. Efficient quota allocation, in an unrestricted market, comes about when the price of quota is 0.39 guilders per kilogram in 1992/93 prices. A combination of a floor of 10 thousand kilograms on quota supply and a ceiling of 75 thousand kilograms on quota demand results in an efficiency loss of 2.29 per cent of total profit without trade distortions. Incorporating a margin of 2 per cent between the demand and supply price has a minor effect, the total efficiency loss being 0.13 per cent. Another 0.13 per cent accrues to intermediates in quota trade as transfer costs.