Asymmetry in Retail, Wholesale, and Shipping Point Pricing for Fresh Vegetables
用Wolffram不对称模型测量新鲜蔬菜零售、批发和发货点价格间的联动，发现批发价格引导零售和发货点价格，且批发降价比涨价更充分传递到零售和发货点。
Abstract The linkage among retail, wholesale, and shipping point prices for a select group of fresh vegetables is measured using Wolffram's asymmetry model. Procedures for dealing with discontinuous time series are shown, and Granger's causality test is used to show the direction of the price linkage. Wholesale prices are shown to lead both retail and shipping point prices. Asymmetry in the retail‐wholesale response indicates that wholesale price decreases are reflected at the retail more so than are wholesale price increases. Wholesale price decreases are more fully passed through to the shipping point relative to wholesale increases.