Affect and the Framing Effect within Individuals over Time: Risk Taking in a Dynamic Investment Simulation
通过20天股票投资模拟实验，研究了情绪（愉快或不愉快感受）如何影响决策框架（收益或损失）与风险承担的关系，发现情绪会减弱框架效应。
We examined the role of affect (pleasant or unpleasant feelings) and decision frames (gains or losses) in risk taking in a 20-day stock investment simulation in which 101 participants rated their current feelings while making investment decisions. As predicted, affect attenuated the relationships between decision frames and risk taking. After experiencing losses, individuals made more risky choices, in keeping with the framing effect. However, this tendency decreased and/or disappeared when loss was simultaneously experienced with either pleasant or unpleasant feelings. Similarly, individuals' tendency to avoid risk after experiencing gains disappeared or even reversed when they simultaneously experienced pleasant feelings.