Evaluating the geographic concentration of industries using distance-based methods
提出基于距离的方法（Besag的L函数和Diggle与Chetwynd的D函数）来同时评估不同地理尺度上企业的空间分布，并以法国巴黎地区和全国的制造业企业为例，发现某些行业存在显著的集中或分散。
We propose new methods for evaluating the spatial distribution of firms. To assess whether firms are concentrated or dispersed, economists have tradi-tionally used indices that analyse the heterogeneity of a spatial structure at a single geographic level. We introduce distance-based methods, Besag's <it>L</it> function (derived from Ripley's <it>K</it> function) and Diggle and Chetwynd's <it>D</it> function to describe <it>simultaneously</it> spatial distribution at different geographical scales. Our empirical applications consider the distribution of French manufacturing firms in the Paris area and in France generally. For some geographic levels, results show significant concentration or dispersion of firms according to their sector of activity.