Classical labour-displacing technological change: the case of the US insurance industry
研究了二战后美国保险业因自动化和计算机化导致的劳动需求结构变化，发现劳动替代型技术变革持续存在，且机械化从文职岗位扩展到会计、精算等专业领域。
The post-war American insurance industry has undergone a profound change in the structure of demand for labour owing to massive mechanisation in the form of both automation and computerisation. This paper finds that the classical dynamic of labour-displacing technological change--as identified by Smith, Ricardo, Babbage, Marx, as well as Keynes and Schumpeter--has been a persistent feature of this sector. Moreover, while the loci of mechanisation initially focused on clerical employment, the drive for further cost reductions in labour-intensive professional activities including accounting, actuarial, insurance agents and underwriting have now become the focus of further mechanisation. Copyright 2001 by Oxford University Press.