Experience as a Barrier to Contestability in Airline Markets
发现美国放松管制后的航空市场中，实际竞争（尤其是来自前州内航空公司的竞争）比潜在竞争更能压低票价，表明行业经验构成进入壁垒，挑战了可竞争性假说。
Contrary to one of the predictions of the contestability hypothesis, price in deregulated U.S. passenger airline markets is related to actual competition from diversifying former intrastates and newly established carriers. More important, former intrastates have a larger impact on price than do newly established firms--a result consistent with these markets being imperfectly competitive because of an industry experience barrier to entry. Unlike actual competition, a measure of potential competition has no effect in constraining price. Copyright 1989 by MIT Press.