How working is defined: National contexts and demographic and organizational role influences
基于比利时、德国、以色列、日本、荷兰和美国六国的雇员样本，识别出六种主要的工作定义方式，并分析国家、人口统计和组织角色对工作定义模式的影响。
Abstract Six major ways in which individuals define the activity of working are empirically identified among national samples of employed labor force members in Belgium, Federal Republic of Germany, Israel, Japan, the Netherlands and the U.S.A. Several types of exchanges being made between working individuals and their working environments are suggested. Primary emphasis is placed upon national similarities and differences in work definition pattern distributions in the six nations. Secondary emphasis is placed upon the influence of demographic context and organizational role context on work definition patterns. Finally, an argument is made for different levels of appropriateness for two specific work definition patterns in work forces of the future.