The Substantial Bias from Ignoring General Equilibrium Effects in Estimating Excess Burden, and a Practical Solution
证明在典型条件下，简单的“超额负担三角形”公式会严重低估商品税的超额负担，有时偏差达10倍以上，原因是忽略了与劳动力市场的一般均衡交互作用，并提出了一个无偏且更准确的替代公式。
We show that under typical conditions the simple "excess-burden triangle" formula substantially underestimates the excess burden of commodity taxes, in some cases by a factor of 10 or more. This formula performs poorly because it ignores general equilibrium interactionsmost important, interactions between the taxed commodity and the labor market. Many prior studies have shown that general equilibrium interactions affect excess burden but have not appreciated the bias associated with ignoring these interactions or the quantitative importance of this bias. We derive an implementable alternative to the simple formula. This alternative formula captures interactions that the simple formula omits; as a result it is both unbiased and usually more accurate.