Making inferences about the polarization, welfare and poverty of nations: a study of 101 countries 1970–1995
运用随机占优技术分析101个国家1970-1995年的极化、福利和贫困，发现福利先升后降、贫困先降后升，而富国与穷国间的极化持续加剧，凸显极化与不平等的区别。
Abstract Stochastic Dominance techniques are adapted and employed to study the extent and progress of Polarization, Welfare and Poverty of 101 nations over the period 1970–1995. The adaptations provide methods of comparing mass relocation by evaluating various degrees of right and left separation between distributions. The results reveal that, whilst welfare increased and then diminished and poverty diminished and then increased, polarization between rich and poor countries continued unabated throughout the period emphasizing the distinction between polarization and inequality. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.