Biased Technical Change and the Malmquist Productivity Index
将马尔奎斯特生产率指数中的技术变化指数分解为幅度指数和偏倚指数，再进一步分解为产出偏倚和投入偏倚，并给出各偏倚不贡献生产率变化的条件。
The Malmquist productivity index has many attractive features. One is that it can be epxressed as the product of a technical efficiency change index and a technical change index. In this paper we express the technical change index as the product of a magnitude index and a bias index. We then express the bias index as the product of an output bias index and an input bias index, and we state conditions under which each bias index makes no contribution to productivity change.