No Innate Phases in Group Problem Solving
这篇论文重新审视了1951年一项被广泛引用的研究，该研究认为群体解决问题会经历可预测的连续阶段。作者发现，只有从未见过面的群体才表现出阶段性，而熟悉的团队（如管理团队、委员会）并不会自然遵循这种阶段。
A widely accepted empirical study (Bales & Strodtbeck, 1951)) concludes that “many staff conferences, committees, and similar groups” progress through predictable sequential phases in problem solving. Reexamination suggests that the conclusion is wrong. Only those subject groups that had never before met showed phased movement. The 1951 research may have measured the process of group formation, not problem solving. Well-acquainted small groups—for example, most management teams, task forces, and committees—do not naturally follow sequential phases in problem solving.