Surprise and Sense Making: What Newcomers Experience in Entering Unfamiliar Organizational Settings
指出新成员对组织失望源于入职过程不足，提出新视角识别惊讶、对比和变化等关键经历，并描述个体如何通过意义建构应对这些经历。
Growing disillusionment among new members of organizations has been traced to inadequacies in approaches to organizational entry. Current directions of research on organizational entry and their limitations are described, and a new perspective is proposed. The new perspective identifies key features of newcomers' entry experiences, including surprise, contrast, and change, and describes the sense-making processes by which individuals cope with their entry experiences. Implications for research and practice on organizational entry are drawn.