Indirect Effects of an Aid Program: How Do Cash Transfers Affect Ineligibles' Consumption?
研究发现，对符合条件的家庭发放现金，会间接提高同村非受益家庭的消费，通过礼物、贷款和减少储蓄实现，因此评估项目时应考虑对当地整体经济的影响。
Cash transfers to eligible households indirectly increase the consumption of ineligible households living in the same villages. This effect operates through insurance and credit markets: ineligible households benefit from the transfers by receiving more gifts and loans and by reducing their savings. Thus, the transfers benefit the local economy at large; looking only at the effect on the treated underestimates their impact. One should analyze the effects of this class of programs on the entire local economy, rather than on the treated only, and use a village-level randomization, rather than selecting treatment nd control subjects from the same community.