Managerial control of international firms and patterns of direct investment
构建了一个同时考虑范围经济和管理控制成本的模型，分析国际企业的组织结构如何影响直接投资模式，区分了不同生产阶段跨国分布与同一阶段多国分布两种情形。
Formal analyses of international firms have concentrated on advantages from large operations due to, for example, economies of scope. However, the standard framework implicitly assumes the existence of managerial costs for running international operations. The paper develops a model that explicitly incoporates both economies of scope and costs of managerial control of large and international operations. It highlights the potential importance of international firms' organizational structure, suggesting a qualitative difference between situations where international firms have different stages of production located in different countries and situations where firms in addition have the same stage located in different countries.