How Does Bureaucracy Impact Individual Creativity? A Cross-Level Investigation of Team Contextual Influences on Goal Orientation–Creativity Relationships
研究了团队官僚制度（集权化和正式化）如何调节员工目标导向与创造力之间的关系，发现低集权化增强学习导向的积极效应、减弱绩效回避导向的消极效应，低正式化则增强绩效证明导向的积极效应。
Offering important counterpoint to work identifying team influences stimulating creative expression of individual differences in goal orientation, we develop cross-level theory establishing that team bureaucratic practices (centralization and formalization) constrain creative expression. Speaking to the tension between bureaucracy and creativity, findings indicate that this influence is not only negative and that effects of centralization and formalization differ. Surveying 330 employees in 95 teams at the Taiwan Customs Bureau, we found that learning and “performance avoid” goal orientations had, respectively, stronger positive and weaker negative relationships with creativity under low centralization. A “performance-prove” orientation was positively related to creativity under low formalization.