Stringency of environmental targets in animal agriculture: shedding light on policy with shadow prices
提出用影子价格衡量畜牧业粪便管理法规严格程度的框架，并以芬兰限制磷使用的案例估算影子价格，帮助政策制定者评估环境规制的实际力度。
We present a framework for deriving shadow prices for regulations on manure-spreading in animal agriculture and demonstrate that these prices can be used as indicators of the stringency of environmental regulation. We illustrate our approach with the case of water protection measures implemented in Finland to restrict the use of phosphorus on livestock farms. The estimated shadow price of the nutrient limit lies in the range 60 125 per kilogram of bioavailable phosphorus in manure, assuming that output reduction is the only option for decreasing the amount of manure in manure-dense areas. However, instead of cutting output, farms may be able to avoid these high abatement costs by more efficient input use or alternative abatement methods.