Parallel sourcing and supplier performance in the Japanese automobile industry
研究了日本汽车制造商采用的平行采购模式，该模式结合了独家采购和多重采购的优点，通过交易成本模型解释了它如何激励供应商提高绩效。
Abstract Japanese auto makers are reported to enjoy high supplier performance through long‐term relationships, specific investments, and sole sourcing. Quality management consultants in the U.S. have been strongly advocating adoption of these practices. But economic and management theorists would predict that the combination of a high level of relationship‐specific investments and sole sourcing will lead to problems with supplier performance. In fact the Japanese auto makers use a hybrid form of organization we term parallel sourcing. We present a transaction costs model that shows how parallel sourcing provides incentives for supplier performance associated with multiple sourcing while preserving claimed benefits of sole sourcing.