Organizational Ecology: Findings and Implications
综述了组织生态学的实证研究，涵盖企业形成、新创劣势、专才与通才策略、生命周期转型及行业竞争结构，对理解组织人口统计和建模有重要启示。
Organizational ecology has focused largely on theoretical and conceptual debates, with relatively little attention devoted to integrating emerging research. In this paper, empirical literature is reviewed focusing on the environmental and organizational determinants of the formation of the firm; the liabilities of newness and smallness; the advantages of generalist and specialist strategies; the difficulties associated with organizational life-cycle transitions; and the competitive and demographic structures of industry. This research not only contributes to the basic understanding of organizational demographics, but it also suggests some significant changes in how organizational processes are modeled.