Negotiating Domestic Labor: Women's Earnings and Housework Time in Australia
利用澳大利亚HILDA调查数据，研究发现女性家务时间更多受其相对收入（与配偶相比）而非绝对收入影响，且外包家务和个体差异无法解释这一关系，表明澳大利亚的男性养家制度阻碍了性别平等。
Recent research in the United States has found that wives' absolute earnings level is more important than their earnings relative to their spouses in determining time spent on housework. Utilizing data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey, this article examines whether women's housework time in Australia is associated with relative or absolute earnings and extends previous work by examining possible mechanisms linking women's earnings with their time on housework, outsourcing through the use of paid domestic help, and unmeasured heterogeneity among women. The research finds that women's housework time is more strongly affected by women's relative earnings than by their absolute earnings, and neither outsourcing nor unobserved heterogeneity can explain the relationship between women's earnings and their housework time in Australia. These results indicate that Australia has a strong male-breadwinner institutional framework that continues to hinder gender equality in paid and unpaid work.