An Evolutionary Explanation for Competitive Decline: The British Shipbuilding Industry, 1890–1970
研究英国造船业从1890年国际领先到1970年绝对衰退的原因，指出二战后管理层改革犹豫和劳资不信任导致合作失败，是竞争力下降的关键。
British shipbuilding enjoyed undisputed international supremacy between 1890 and 1914. Following a gradual loss of world market share during the interwar years, Britain sustained an absolute decline in output between 1948 and 1970. European shipbuilding expanded at an unprecedented rate after World War II. This article attributes Britain's dramatic competitive decline in part to management's uncertaintly about the need to reform work administration methods during the decade or so following world War II, and in part to lack of trust between labor and management, which resulted in a failure of cooperation over proposed institutional reform between 1958 and 1965.