Causal attributions for the success and failure of black and white managers
研究南非白人管理者对黑人和白人下属绩效的归因差异，发现成功时白人归因于内部因素、黑人归因于外部因素，失败时则相反，揭示了可能维持工作组织中种族歧视的认知偏见。
Abstract One hundred and thirty‐six white managers in South Africa evaluated the varying performances of a series of thirty subordinates. Of the subordinates, two (one black, one white) had identically good performance descriptions, and two (one black, one white) had identically poor performance descriptions. Although the supervisors rated their overall performances as equally good or poor, they ascribed the success of the whites mainly to internal factors (effort, ability) and that of the blacks mainly to external factors (luck, easy job). Conversely, they ascribed the failure of the whites mainly to external factors and that of the blacks mainly to internal factors. The results suggest the operation of a ‘cognitive bias’ against blacks that may help to explain the persistence of racial discrimination in reward allocation in work organizations.