Endogenous Structures of Association in Oligopolies
用两阶段非合作博弈模型分析线性需求寡头市场中企业如何自发结盟以降低成本，随后在市场上竞争。均衡中的联盟具有不对称和低效两个特征。
The formulation of associations of firms in an oligopoly with linear demand is analyzed as a two-stage noncooperative game. In the first stage, firms form associations in order to decrease their costs, and in the second stage they compete on the market. Examples of associations include R&D joint ventures and groups of firms adopting common standards. In equilibrium, the associations formed exhibit two general features: they are asymmetric and inefficient.