Economic Integration among Developed, Developing and Centrally Planned Economies: A Comparative Analysis
比较了六个一体化方案，发现环境因素（尤其是成员国间距离）对贸易创造影响最大，中美洲共同市场和欧洲自由贸易联盟的政策比欧共体等更有效，而经互会因政策与体制结合未能充分发挥潜力。
We examine six integration schemes and decompose their ability to increase inter-member trade into environmental, policy and system effects. Environmental factors caused the greatest variation in trade creation, with inter-member distance the most important environmental variable. The CACM and EFTA have followed more effective integration policies than the EEC, LAFTA and the Andean Pact. Although integration can thus benefit developed and developing countries alike, for some, such as those in Latin America, inter-member distances severely limit its effectiveness. While the combination of policy and system has kept the CMEA fromrr achieving its full potential for increasing inter-member trade, its effectiveness does not differ from that of unions among market economies.