Secondary school fees and the causal effect of schooling on health behavior
利用德国中学学费取消改革作为工具变量，估计教育对吸烟和超重/肥胖的因果效应，发现OLS显示强相关但工具变量分析不支持教育改善健康行为。
Using German census data, we estimate the causal effect of education on smoking and overweight/obesity using the abolition of secondary school fees as instrumental variable. The West German federal states enacted this reform at different dates after World War II, generating exogenous variation in the access to secondary education. While we find a strong association between schooling and health behaviors using OLS, we do not find support for the notion that education causes better health behavior.