Why Employer-based Pension Plans? The Case of Britain
分析英国雇主养老金计划为何比其他发达国家更普遍，发现其早期发展源于大型官僚机构对有条件终身支付系统的需求，后来个人养老金中介也转向集体雇主计划。
Private savings–often through employer-based pension plans–account for a larger proportion of retirement incomes in Britain than elsewhere. The strength of employer–based pension plans in Britain can be traced to a variety of factors; their early development and security are emphasized. The pattern of spread, with heavy concentration initially in bureaucratic firms, suggests that old-age saving entered the employment relationship around 1900 because large-scale bureaucracies needed conditional, lifetime payment systems. By the 1930s, the other main intermediaries for old-age saving, specializing in private provision on an individual basis, had moved into the market for collective, employer-based pension plans.