Bivalent Attributes of the Family Firm
提出双价属性概念，解释家族企业同时具备优势与劣势的内在特征，为理解这类复杂组织提供分析框架。
Although family-owned and managed firms are the predominant form of business organization in the world today, little systematic research exists on these companies. This paper builds upon insights found in the emerging literature on these enterprises and upon our own observations to provide a conceptual framework to better understand these complex organizations. We introduce the concept of the Bivalent Attributes—a unique, inherent feature of an organization that is the source of both advantages and disadvantages— to explain the dynamics of the family firm.