RACIAL PROFILING OR RACIST POLICING? BOUNDS TESTS IN AGGREGATE DATA*
针对警察交通拦截和搜查的州级汇总数据，区分了自由裁量与非自由裁量搜查，开发了检验种族偏见的统计方法，并拒绝密苏里州机动车搜查对少数族裔差异影响的无偏解释。
State‐wide reports on police traffic stops and searches summarize very large populations, making them potentially powerful tools for identifying racial bias, particularly when statistics on search outcomes are included. But when the reported statistics conflate searches involving different levels of police discretion, standard tests for racial bias are not applicable. This article develops a model of police search decisions that allows for nondiscretionary searches and derives tests for racial bias in data that mix different search types. Our tests reject unbiased policing as an explanation of the disparate impact of motor‐vehicle searches on minorities in Missouri.