The International Coffee Agreement: economics of the nonmember market
分析了1983年国际咖啡协定中旨在消除对非成员市场折扣出口的改革提案，通过世界咖啡市场模型说明非成员市场销售的福利效应，指出出口国反对非成员配额分配的条件。
This paper analyses the proposals for reform to the 1983 International-Coffee Agreement (ICA) which were designed to eliminate exports to nonmember countries at discounted prices. Disagreement over such proposals led to the breakdown in July 1989 of negotiations for a new ICA. A model of the world coffee market is developed to illustrate the welfare effects of sales to the nonmember market. Welfare calculations show that numerous exporters should oppose the allocation of quotas for the nonmember market unless they receive a large share of this market. Continuation of ICA export quotas probably depends on acceptance of price discounting.