Change and Involution in Sugar Production in Cultivation-System Java, 1840–1870
利用殖民时期数据估计1840-1870年爪哇四个主要产糖区的生产函数，分析1848-1851年改革期间的结构变化，结果证实改革伴随显著变化并支持“农业内卷化”论点，同时发现技术进步证据。
Production functions for sugar in four major sugar-producing zones in Cultivation- System Java (1840 through 1870) are estimated using colonial data. The estimates are analyzed for evidence of structural change in the years from 1848 to 1851. The results confirm that the colonial reforms of those years were accompanied by significant changes in sugar production: the results are also consistent with the thesis of “agricultural involution” in Java. There is strong evidence for technological change in sugar production, though these gains cannot be specifically attributed to either the agricultural or the industrial aspect of sugar production.