The organisational morphology of rural industries and its dynamics in liberalised India: a study of West Bengal
基于2001-02年西孟加拉邦田野调查，研究了传统手工业（如手织、黄铜器等）在自由化后的三种组织形态（独立、依附、合作），发现依附型单位成为主流，推动了产品差异化和创新。
The paper presents an empirical investigation into alternative forms of organisation of rural industries and their dynamics in the post-reform period of India by means of a field survey carried out in the state of West Bengal in 2001–02. The selected industries (handloom, brassware, hornware, clay works, conchshell and lac works) all belong to traditional crafts. The major organisational forms are ‘independent units’ and ‘tied units’, the latter being tied to traders and/or master enterprises for raw materials and work-orders, each of which account for more than 40% of our sample units. The third form, ‘cooperative units’, is clearly in the decline. Tied units appear to define the upcoming trend bringing the forces released by ‘liberalisation’, e.g., the growth of exports, drawn to the level of village-artisans. In particular, the system appears to be a vehicle for product-differentiation and innovation, both of which are very much evident in our study area.