Male Retirement Behavior in the United States, 1930–1950
研究了1930-1950年间美国65岁以上男性劳动参与率大幅下降的原因，发现1935年《社会保障法》设立的老年援助计划显著促进了退休，尤其是低收入群体。
Explanations for the recent decline in the labor force attachment of males 65 years of age and older include the introduction of Old Age and Survivors Insurance and the growth in private pension programs. Neither hypothesis can explain the sizable decline that occurred between 1930 and 1950, when aggregate social security and private pension payments were small. Estimates from pooled state aggregate data indicate that the means-tested Old Age Assistance program established by the Social Security Act of 1935 significantly increased retirement activity in this period, particularly among low-income individuals.