Motherhood and women's earnings in Anglo-American, Continental European, and Nordic Countries
比较八个英美、欧洲大陆和北欧国家中不同教育水平的女性和男性收入，发现母亲收入差距在欧陆国家最大、北欧最小、英美居中。
Abstract The earnings of mothers make up an important, but difficult to quantify, component of parental expenditures on children. This paper compares the long-term earnings of women with children, women without children, and men. The study conducts separate analyses for less educated, moderately educated, and highly educated people in eight Anglo-American, Continental European, and Nordic countries. The study finds that, for the most part, these countries cluster into three groups, with mothers in the Continental European group experiencing the largest earnings differentials, mothers in the Nordic group experiencing the smallest, and mothers in the Anglo-American countries occupying the middle position.