As Ye Sweep, So Shall Ye Reap
发现，在控制认知能力、教育等因素后，家庭整洁度（基于访谈员对住所清洁度的评分）能预测个人25年后的收入、子女的受教育程度和收入，表明非认知因素在劳动市场成功中的重要性。
The inability of formal skills such as schooling and on-the-job training to account for most of the valiation in adult labor-market success has spurred investigations of other factors. Cognitive ability, as measured by IQ-type tests such as the Armed Forces Qualifying Test has received the bulk of this attention. The consensus from research by economists and sociologists is that cognitive ability plays a significant although far from overwhelming role as a determinant of adult success (e.g., Christopher Jencks, 1979; John Cawley et al., 1997). Cognitive skills do not appear to account for more than about one-fifth of the association between completed schooling and earnings (Samuel Bowles et al., 2000). Similar magnitudes emerge in studies examining the strength of parents' cognitive ability as a predictor of the intergenerational success of their children (Meredith Phillips et al., 1998). The search for key noncognitive factors important in predicting both intraand intergenerational success has been wide-ranging. Jencks (1979) demonstrates that, net of background, formal schooling, and cognitive skills, personal traits such as industriousness, perseverance, and leadership have noteworthy associations with subsequent earnings and occupational status. Measures of social-psychological constructs such as locus of control (Julian Rotter, 1966) and self-esteem (Morris Rosenberg, 1965) have been shown to be predictive of subsequent labor-market success in some cases (e.g., Rachel Dunifon and Duncan, 1998; Arthur Goldsmith et al., 2000). Our focus in this paper is on the role of a different kind of personal characteristic: organization and efficiency, as operationalized in our data set by the housework-hours-adjusted score from five annual interviewer assessments of the cleanliness of a respondent's dwelling at the time of the interview. We argue that keeping a and organized home reflects an overall ability and desire to maintain a sense of order in a wide range of life activities. People whose homes appear clean both value order and demonstrate the ability to impose a degree of order at home. It is likely that people who are able to maintain such homes carry over the ability and desire to be organized to other aspects of their lives, such as work and parenting. The ability to maintain a degree of organization may be a skill that would command a reward in the labor market. Additionally, children raised in more organized households may be more successful in school and work. The results presented here indicate that, net of socioeconomic-status background, cognitive ability, completed schooling, housework time, and a host of other factors, the cleanliness rating of one's home is predictive of: (i) one's own earnings 25 years later; (ii) children's subsequent completed schooling; and (iii) children's earnings measured 25 years later. These results suggest the utility of continuing the search for noncognitive factors in intraand intergenerational models of schooling and labor-market success.